Activity 21 | SYNTHESIS

 SYNTHESIS

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS :

1. How should we prepare for disasters that include volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and tsunamis?

SITUATION 1 : The 1868 Arica Tsunami

- By learning all the preparedness and conducting activities to be done before, during and after a tsunami.

- By always paying attention to all warnings and news that were announced

- By looking for a higher place to be evacuated before a tsunami and asssess your sorroundings.

SITUATION 2 : Mount Etna Erupts

- Be informative and educational about volcanic eruptions.

- By avoiding areas downwind and river valleys downstream from the volcano.

- By conducting evacuation procedures.

SITUATION 3 : Iceland Volcano on the Brink of Major Eruption

- Plan an emergency evacuation and conducting earthquake drills

- Prepare all the important things and seal it. Prepare all the emergency kits and supplies for survival.

- Stay tuned to national news and your local community's channels to be on top of the situation and stay informed with local safety plans and evacuation areas.

SITUATION 4 : Remembering the 1990 Luzon Earthquake

- Educate yourselves and family members about earthquakes.

- Practice the basic : Drop , Cover and Hold .

- Secure heavy items in your home like bookcases, refrigerators, televisions and objects that hang on walls. Store heavy and breakable objects on low shelves. Consider making improvements to your building to fix structural issues that could cause your building to collapse during an earthquake. 

2. How do the Earth's plate movements affect humans?

SITUATION 1 : The 1868 Arica Tsunami

- Numbers of lives and properties are lost and destroyed

- Livelihoods are forcily paused

- Millions of dollars in financial loss, and long lasting psychological problems for the inhabitants of the region

SITUATION 2 : Mount Etna Erupts

- Can kill thousands of people and falling ash can make it hard for them to breathe that casue respiratory diseases

- Ash from volcanoes can do more than darken the skies, hurt air quality, contaminate water, coat highways, cover yards and ground airplanes. Hard to see.

- People can lose their possessions as volcanoes can destroy houses, roads and fields. 

SITUATION 3 : Iceland Volcano on the Brink of Major Eruption

- People can lose their possessions as volcanoes can destroy houses, roads and fields. 

- Health concerns after a volcanic eruption include infectious disease, respiratory illness, burns, injuries

- They can also die from famine, fires and earthquakes which can be related to volcanoes.

SITUATION 4 : Remembering the 1990 Luzon Earthquake

- Destroyed homes , lives and properties.

- Earthquakes can cause disruption to public services like transport systems and communication connections.

- Causes trauma and financial problems or other terms of problems.

PROCESS QUESTIONS :

1. Look at your answers to the essential questions. What do all answers have in common?

- The importance of having preparedness as soon as possible before the disasters to ensure safety and reduce damages and how it affects human lives and their properties. The ways and strategies on how to prevent injuries or loss in every possible disasters . Obviously, all answers are similar and mostly have in common to each other.

2. Are all strategies the same? How do the answers differ? What are the different significance of Earth's plate movements and their impact to humans?

- All strategies are the same and identical , the only difference were  what the disasters to happen and how it should be taken action. Plate tectonics affects humans in several important ways.The different significance of Earth's plate movements is that it creates intense destruction and major consequences to all aspects , not just on humans.

3. Complete the following statement and support your answer with examples from the above articles. "The ways by which humans prepare for disaster to ensure safety and reduce damage are..."

- The ways by which humans prepare for disaster to ensure safety and reduce damage are important and the solutions in order to be vigilant for possible dangers or disasters . This preparedness shows great effectiveness for survival and to lessen the impact of disasters on vulnerable populations, to ready an organization for an influx of activity, and to design a coordinated plan that reduces the waste of resources, time, and efforts. Since disaster preparedness has the potential to save the maximum number of lives and property during a disaster, and it aims to return the affected populations to normalcy as quickly as possible. It is an education that can provide life-saving and life-sustaining information and skills that can protect us.

More about preparedness :

Activity 20 | Remembering the 1990 Luzon Earthquake

THE 1990 LUZON EARTHQUAKE

1. Why is the Philippines considered as the third most disaster-prone country in the world?

-  It is because the Philippines is geographically located along the Pacific region near the Equator which is prone to tropical cyclones and storms. If you look at the globe or a map, you'll see our big neighbor which lies next to us – the biggest ocean in the world, the Pacific Ocean or the Ring of Fire. This is due to its location along the Ring of Fire, or typhoon belt – a large Pacific Ocean region where many of Earth's volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur. After Pacific countries Tonga and Vanuatu, the Philippines ranks as the third most disaster-prone country in the world because of its high exposure to natural calamities, a new international report showed.

2. What valuable lessons did the 1990 Luzon earthquake leave?

- The 1990 earthquake left not just massive damage and casualties, but also lessons about disaster readiness.Philippine Institute for Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) Officer-in-Charge Renato Solidum said the great earthquake left us with 4 valuable lessons. Number one was , public needs to respond properly during earthquakes. Hazards and their effects should be simulated.  Building codes should be implemented properly, and land use should be carefully planned. Trained search and rescue groups and medical responders are needed. A tragic part of our history, the 1990 Luzon earthquake highlighted the importance of taking into heart the lessons learned. More importantly, we need to do what we can to be aware and proactive about ensuring we are equipped for the potential hazards we may face in light of future natural disasters. 

3. The 1990 Luzon earthquake was the result of a horizontal left lateral strike-slip motion along the Philippine and Digdig Faults. How did this plate movement impact the lives of the Filipino people?

- The earthquake left in its wake about 1,200 casualties and at least P 10 B of damages to buildings, infrastructures, and properties. Part of this damage was due to ground rupturing, although no casualty was reported as a result of this particular hazard. Areas heavily-impacted by the effects of ground rupturing, were Rizal town proper and nearby towns of Laur, Bongabon, and Gabald on to the southeast, and Digdig, Puncan (Carranglan), in Nueva Ecija, and Imugan (Sta. Fe) in Nueva Vizcaya to the northwest. The quake destroyed electric, water and communication lines in the city. In all, it was estimated that the earthquake left a staggering US$369-million worth of damage in its wake.

MORE ABOUT THE 1990 LUZON EARTHQUAKE :

Activity 19 | Iceland Volcano on the Brink of Major Construction

  Iceland Volcano on the Brink of Major Construction

1. How did the past eruption of Mount Hekla affect Iceland and Europe?

- The most famous and active volcano in Iceland is Mount Hekla, which has erupted 18 times since 1104, the last time in 2000. From a volcanological perspective, the activity at Hekla has made history, from its devastating effects on the agriculture to advancements in monitoring ash plumes. Activity at Hekla has always been destructive. A bluish haze from the eruption covered Europe and Iceland, causing difficulties in agriculture there. 

2. How do the volcanoes of Iceland benefit this country?

-  Volcanoes in Iceland provides geothermal energy. Over 90% of houses in Iceland are heated by natural geothermal heat. Apart from the beautiful scenery provided by Iceland's volcanic landscape that Icelanders use to attract tourists, Iceland is also one of the world's major users of geothermal electric power. The high levels of volcanism should also provide Iceland with fertile soils for growing crops as well.

3. How is Iceland preparing for another possible eruption? 

- After a summer of increased seismic activity at Katla, Icelanders are obsessing over the smallest sign of an eruption at the country’s most closely watched volcano. Advanced technologies were used and tested to predict or traced future possible eruptions. Practising and testing emergency procedures are fundamental for ensuring effective responses in operational environments during real crises. Conducting realistic exercises provides a means to validate contingency plans. 

Activity 18 | Mount Etna Erupts

 MOUNT ETNA ERUPTS 

1. Why did people live on the slopes of Mount Etna? 

  - Because of the fertile volcanic soils, more than 20 percent of Sicilians live on its slopes.  Despite the dangers of living near an active volcano, the eruptions made the surrounding soil very fertile, so many small villages developed on the slopes of the mountain. There were many benefits living on the slopes of Mount Etna , the ash that falls makes a great fertilizer that creates slopes around Mount Etna for farming and many other opportunities to start for their living. The volcano controls the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Mount Etna provides a great and interesting tourist attraction which is very good for the people of Sicily, which increases money to the local economy. 

2. Why did the people in the city near the volcano stayed during the eruption instead of fleeing?

-  Instead of fleeing , they stayed because they want to survive with their precious farmlands or their livelihoods that were near the volcano and in attempting of saving the city even the risks they are putting and dealing.

3. How did the residents of the city of Catania handle the eruption of Mount Etna?

- There were many records of attempting to save the city from erupting and some attempts were successful and some were not. Many residents risk their lives by ettempting to save the city and their livelihoods. At the time, the city of Catania had about 20,000 residents; most failed to flee the city immediately. Instead, Diego de Pappalardo, a resident of the city, led a team of 50 men to Mount Etna, where they attempted to divert the lava flow. Wearing cowhides soaked in water, the men bravely approached the lava with long iron rods, picks and shovels. They were able to hack open a hole in the hardened lava wall that had developed on the outside of the lava flow and much of the flow began to flow west out of the new hole. However, the residents of Paterno, a city lying southwest of Etna were monitoring these developments and quickly realized that this new flow direction could imperil their own city. They literally fought back the Catanians, while the lava breach hardened and filled again. Catania was not the only city affected—the eruption wiped out 14 towns and villages and left about 27,000 people homeless. Following this disaster, it was decreed that interference with the natural flow of lava was prohibited in Italy, a regulation that remained in effect hundreds of years later.

Activity 17 | The 1868 Arica Tsunami

 

 THE 1868 ARICA TSUNAMI

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS :

1. What caused the Arica tsunami in 1868? 

- The Arica Tsunami was caused by an earthquake occurred along the boundary between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate. The earthquake was likely a result of thrust-faulting, caused by the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate.

2.  What were the damaging effects of this tsunami?

- The earthquake caused almost complete destruction in the southern part of Peru, including Arica, Tacna, Moquegua, Mollendo, Ilo, Iquique, Torata and Arequipa, resulting in an estimated 25,000 casualties, and many shipwrecks.

- The tsunami drove three ships anchored in port nearly 800 m ( 2,600 ft ) inland: the 1560-ton Peruvian corvette America, the U.S. gunboat Wateree and the U.S. store ship Fredonia, which was completely destroyed.

- The tsunami caused considerable damage in Hawaii, washing out a bridge along the Waiohi River.

- On the mainland, Banks Peninsula was hardest hit with a Maori village and two houses washed away and boats damaged, and one death was recorded.

- In New Zealand, it is the only fatal tsunami on record, causing substantial damage on the Chatham Islands and an estimated 20 people washed out to sea.

3.  What do you think were the possible factors that contributed to the loss of thousands of lives and the huge damage to properties in this disaster? 

- The possible factors that contributed to the loss of thousands of lives and the huge damage to properties in this disaster were the impact of an earthquake causing a tsunami. Two separate earthquakes have been described; they may both refer to the same event. The earthquake was felt over a wide area, up to 1,400 km (870 mi) to the northwest in Samanco, Peru and 224 km (139 mi) to the east in Bolivia. Estimates of its magnitude range from 8.5 to 9.0. A 600 km (370 mi) rupture length has been estimated from the pattern of isoseismals making it one of the largest fault breaks in modern times. Although this event generated a tsunami that was noted across the Pacific, most of the associated damage was localised along the coasts of southern Peru and what is now northernmost Chile. The first wave arrived at Arica 52 minutes after the earthquake, with a 12 m (39 ft) height, followed by the largest 16 m (52 ft) wave 73 minutes later. 

Nature's most unpredictable and one of her most devastating natural disasters. When high intensity earthquakes strike they can cause thousands of deaths and billions of dollars in damaged property. For decades, experts have studied major earthquakes; most have focused on fatalities and destruction in terms of the primary effects, the shaking 

unleashed.

Click here for more: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tnwsryAdl3Q

ACTIVITY 15 | TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDARY MAP

 

THE WORLD MAP

1. What part of the world that you can expect volcanoes are present and why?

            We can only expect volcanoes that are present near the edges of a 2 plates that are occuring a divergent and convergent boundaries. Looking at the locations of these volcanoes through the map of plate tectonics, we also notice that most volcanoes occur near the edges of the large "plates" that comprise the solid surface of Earth , using the 2 types of plate boundaries , the convergent and divergent boundaries. Because within hte divergent plate boundary , the 2 plates moves away from each other that can produce volcanoes . Convergent plate boundary moves towards from each other causing a subduction that can pproduce volcanoes or mountan ranges. Futhermore, they are the only types of boundaries that we can expect and produced volcanoes. 

    

2. What part of the world wherein no presence of volcanoes and mountains are expected and why?

            Looking at these locations through the map of plate tectonics, we cannot expect places that are near the edges occuring a transform plate boundaries or arrows that slide laterally past one another. Wherein the 2 plates are passing from each other in an opposite direction that avoids happenings forming a volcano or mountain. Because in transform plate boundaries, 2 plates only slides to the opposite direction and they only producing shallow earthquakes but no volcanic acitivities.  That is why we cannot expect volcano activities that is having a tranform plate boundary.

3. What part in the world wherein the most numbers of volcanoes are present and why?

              For land-based volcanoes, Indonesia is the hotbed for fiery craters since it is part of the roughly 25,000 mile stretch circling the basin of the Pacific Ocean known 'ring of fire' where most active volcanoes lie.  More than half of the world's active and present numbers of volcanoes are located within the Ring of Fire , an area in the Pacific Ocean characterized by frequent earthquakes and volcanoes. Because the Ring of Fire is the home to 75% of the world's volcanoes and 90% of its earthquakes. Base on the map of tectonic plates , most numbers of volcanoes that are present are in the edges of two plates that are forming a divergent and convergent boundaries that are symbolized as pushing and pulling towards each other arrows in the illustration. Because in a divergent and convergent plate boundary , molten lava or magma moves up and fill the gap of the occured boundary , which volcanic islands or volcanic activities are eventually formed.

                                    

                                                                          TECTONIC PLATE MAP

ACTIVITY 14 | TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES

 TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES

1 . DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY

        Occur when two plates move away from each other, a gap or rift between them is created. If the gap eventually widens, it then evolves into a rift valley. Divergent boundaries between oceanic plates produce mid-oceanic ridges, the mountain ranges formed underwater.  In places where molten lava or magma can move up and fill the gap , volcanic islands are eventually formed. Molten lava that rises eventually cools and forms part of the ocean floor.

2 . CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY

          Occur when two plates slide toward each other and form either a subduction zone ( if one plate moves underneath the other ) or an orogenic belt ( if the two simply collide and compress ) . An orogenic belt is a region of  deformed rocks. There are three kinds of convergence : oceanic-oceanic ( subduction zone is formed and pushes the continental plate upward , forming volcanoes ) , oceanic-continental ( subduction happens , forming volcanic islands and underwater volcanoes ), and continental-continental convergence ( no subduction happens , only forming mountain ranges ).

3.  TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARY

         In transform plate boundaries, the plates slide against one another in opposite directions. No mountains or volcanoes are produced. Instead, earthquakes result from the movement of plates and release massive amounts of energy. 

FOR MORE KNOWLEDGE , CLICK HERE !!!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eiOTJ53Khs&t=112s